Originally Published:  December 23, 2021   Abstract: Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) have been treated with immunotherapy for decades; the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors represents the most recent advance. In this review, we compare these new RCC immunotherapies, with a focus on achieving durable complete responses (CR). Review: Sorafenib and sunitinib were the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved targeted agents for RCC, with sunitinib eventually becoming the

Originally Published : March 1, 2022   Abstract: Numerous immunotherapeutic agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have been approved for the treatment of genitourinary (GU) malignancies. While ICIs have improved treatment outcomes and expanded treatment options, they can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The scope of irAEs is broad, and this paper aims to review the rheumatologic side effects associated with immunotherapy drugs approved for bladder c

Originally Published : August 3, 2023 Abstract: Bladder cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed genitourinary malignancies. For many years, the primary treatment for metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) was predicated on the use of platinum-based chemotherapy. More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were approved by regulatory agencies such as the US FDA for use in both the first- and second-line settings. This review outlines the approved ICIs for mUC in the se

The condition we call cancer has been well documented throughout all of human history. Around 400 BCE, the Greek physician Hippocrates described breast tumors with radiating blood vessels resembling the limbs of a crab or karkinos . But this is hardly the first description of tumors; we've been describing cancer in very similar ways much, much earlier than that. The first known writings from around 2500 BC are attributed to Imhotep, an ancient Egyptian physician and healer. H

Since the age of papyrus scrolls, humanity has written about cancer and its impact on our lives. Thousands of years later, those voices have built an extraordinary body of knowledge and experience to pass on. We can’t name them all, but below here are a few of our favorites at C3.   “The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer” by Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD      Explore cancer’s history and scientific background through the stories of the humans fighting against it. We l